სტატიის ავტორი: თორნიკე ჭიბოშვილი
მთარგმნელი: რუსუდან მალიანი
კორნელის უნივერსიტეტთან ( ამერიკის კვლევითი უნივერსიტეტი ითაკაში, ნიუ იორკი (შტატი). არსებული ბიოლოგიისა და გარემოს დაცვის დეპარტამენტის მეცნიერ-თანამშრომლებმა ავსტრალიის ბიოინჟინერიისა და ნანოტექნოლოგიების კვინსლენდის ინსტიტუტის ფუნქციონალური ნანომასალების ცენტრის მკვლევარებთან ერთად გადაწყვიტეს გამოეკვლიათ ჩვენს პლანეტაზე სიცოცხლის წარმოქმნის შესაძლებლობა იმ პირობებში, როცა დედამიწა ჯერ კიდევ მთლიანად წყლით იყო დაფარული.
მიღებული შედეგებით თავად მკვლევარებიც კი, რომელთა შორისაც იყვნენ საკმაოდ გამოცდილი მეცნიერები, ისეთები, როგორებიც გახლავან დეიანგ იანგი, სონგმინგ პენგი, მარკ რ. ჰარტმანი, ტიფანი გუპტონი, ედვარდ რაის უმცროსი და ანა კეტრინ ჩანგი, გაოცებულები დარჩნენ.
სამეცნიერო ჟურნალში "Sceintific Reports" ( nature.com ) გამოქვეყნებული კვლევის შედეგების თანახმად, შესაძლოა დედამიწაზე სიცოცხლე მართლაც, როგორც ეს ბიბლიაშია აღწერილი, თიხის, ანდა იმ შენაერთების მეშვეობით წარმოშობილიყო, რომლისგანაც ის შედგება. როგორც მეცნიერები მიიჩნევენ, იმ პირობებში, როცა ჩვენი პლანეტა ჯერ კიდევ მთლიანად წყლით იყო დაფარული, შესაძლოა სწორედაც თიხამ შეასრულა ერთგვარი "ციტოპლაზმის" როლი და მის წიაღში პირველი უჯრედები ჩაისახა.
მკვლევარები ვარაუდობენ, რომ ეს გახლდათ ცხიმების ან პოლიმერების მხოლოდ უმცირესი ფრაგმენტები, რომლებიც უჯრედული მემბრანის წინამორბედები გახდნენ, ხოლო ამინომჟავები და სხვა ბიომოლეკულები, შესაძლოა, ამ წარმონაქმნების წიაღში ჩამოყალიბდნენ.
უახლოეს პერიოდში მეცნიერები თავიანთი ვარაუდების ექსპერიმენტულად დასაბუთებას გეგმავენ.
მეცნიერთა სრული ჩამონათვალი
Наука и религия с давних времен пытались взаимно искоренить друг друга, споря о самых насущных вопросах мироздания. Однако в последнее время, благодаря развитости современных технологий, ученые стали находить все больше научных подтверждений тех событий, которые описывают религиозные книги.
Так, американские ученые Департамента биологии и окружающей среды при Корнелльском Университете совместно с исследователями Центра изучения функциональных наноматериалов Австралийского Института биоинженерии и нанотехнологий Квинсленда решили исследовать возможность возникновения жизни на нашей планете в тех условиях, когда Земля была еще полностью покрыта водой. Полученные результаты удивили даже самих исследователей, среди которых присутствовали достаточно опытные ученые, такие как Дэйанг Йанг, Сонгминг Пенг, Марк Р. Хартман, Тиффани Гуптон, Эдвард Райс мл. и Анна Кэтрин Чанг. Согласно результатам исследования, опубликованным в научном журнале Sceintific Reports, жизнь на Земле действительно могла возникнуть из глины, как это описано в Библии, или благодаря тем соединениям, из которых она состоит. Как считают ученые, в тех условиях, в которых наша планета была еще полностью покрыта водой, как раз таки глина и могла сыграть роль своего рода «цитоплазмы», внутри которой и зародились первые клетки.
Также исследователи полагают, что это были лишь крошечные фрагменты жиров или полимеров, ставшие предшественником клеточной мембраны, а аминокислоты и другие биомолекулы могли сформироваться уже внутри этих образований
В ближайшее время ученые планируют доказать свои предположения уже экспериментально.
lay may have been birthplace of life on Earth, new study suggests
Date:
November 5, 2013
Source:
Cornell University
Summary:
Clay -- a seemingly infertile blend of minerals -- might have been the birthplace of life on Earth. Or at least of the complex biochemicals that make life possible, biological engineers report.
I
n simulated ancient seawater, clay forms a hydrogel -- a mass of microscopic spaces capable of soaking up liquids like a sponge. Over billions of years, chemicals confined in those spaces could have carried out the complex reactions that formed proteins, DNA and eventually all the machinery that makes a living cell work. Clay hydrogels could have confined and protected those chemical processes until the membrane that surrounds living cells developed.
Clay -- a seemingly infertile blend of minerals -- might have been the birthplace of life on Earth. Or at least of the complex biochemicals that make life possible, biological engineers report.
I
n simulated ancient seawater, clay forms a hydrogel -- a mass of microscopic spaces capable of soaking up liquids like a sponge. Over billions of years, chemicals confined in those spaces could have carried out the complex reactions that formed proteins, DNA and eventually all the machinery that makes a living cell work. Clay hydrogels could have confined and protected those chemical processes until the membrane that surrounds living cells developed.
In simulated ancient seawater, clay forms a hydrogel -- a mass of microscopic spaces capable of soaking up liquids like a sponge. Over billions of years, chemicals confined in those spaces could have carried out the complex reactions that formed proteins, DNA and eventually all the machinery that makes a living cell work. Clay hydrogels could have confined and protected those chemical processes until the membrane that surrounds living cells developed.
Clay, a seemingly infertile blend of minerals, might have been the birthplace of life on Earth. Or at least of the complex biochemicals that make life possible, Cornell University biological engineers report in the Nov. 7 online issue of the journal Scientific Reports, published by Nature Publishing.
"We propose that in early geological history clay hydrogel provided a confinement function for biomolecules and biochemical reactions," said Dan Luo, professor of biological and environmental engineering and a member of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science.
In simulated ancient seawater, clay forms a hydrogel -- a mass of microscopic spaces capable of soaking up liquids like a sponge. Over billions of years, chemicals confined in those spaces could have carried out the complex reactions that formed proteins, DNA and eventually all the machinery that makes a living cell work. Clay hydrogels could have confined and protected those chemical processes until the membrane that surrounds living cells developed.
To further test the idea, the Luo group has demonstrated protein synthesis in a clay hydrogel. The researchers previously used synthetic hydrogels as a "cell-free" medium for protein production. Fill the spongy material with DNA, amino acids, the right enzymes and a few bits of cellular machinery and you can make the proteins for which the DNA encodes, just as you might in a vat of cells.
To make the process useful for producing large quantities of proteins, as in drug manufacturing, you need a lot of hydrogel, so the researchers set out to find a cheaper way to make it. Postdoctoral researcher Dayong Yang noticed that clay formed a hydrogel. Why consider clay? "It's dirt cheap," said Luo. Better yet, it turned out unexpectedly that using clay enhanced protein production.
But then it occurred to the researchers that what they had discovered might answer a long-standing question about how biomolecules evolved. Experiments by the late Carl Sagan of Cornell and others have shown that amino acids and other biomolecules could have been formed in primordial oceans, drawing energy from lightning or volcanic vents. But in the vast ocean, how could these molecules come together often enough to assemble into more complex structures, and what protected them from the harsh environment?
Scientists previously suggested that tiny balloons of fat or polymers might have served as precursors of cell membranes. Clay is a promising possibility because biomolecules tend to attach to its surface, and theorists have shown that cytoplasm -- the interior environment of a cell -- behaves much like a hydrogel. And, Luo said, a clay hydrogel better protects its contents from damaging enzymes (called "nucleases") that might dismantle DNA and other biomolecules.
As further evidence, geological history shows that clay first appeared -- as silicates leached from rocks -- just at the time biomolecules began to form into protocells -- cell-like structures, but incomplete -- and eventually membrane-enclosed cells. The geological events matched nicely with biological events.
How these biological machines evolved remains to be explained, Luo said. For now his research group is working to understand why a clay hydrogel works so well, with an eye to practical applications in cell-free protein production.
Luo collaborated with professor Max Lu of the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology at the University of Queensland in Australia. The work was performed at the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities, supported by the National Science Foundation.
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Cornell University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
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